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Skepticism
Skepticism is one of the perennial problems of philosophy: from antiquity, to the early modern period of Descartes and Hume, and right through to the present day.It remains a fundamental and widely studied topic and, as Annalisa Coliva and Duncan Pritchard show in Skepticism, it presents us with a paradox with important ramifications not only for epistemology but also for many other core areas of philosophy. This book provides a thorough grounding in contemporary debates about skepticism, exploring the following key topics: the core skeptical arguments, with a particular focus on Cartesian and Humean radical skepticism the epistemic principles that are held to underlie skeptical arguments, such as the Closure and Underdetermination principlesthe content externalism of Putnam, Davidson, and Chalmers, and how it might help us respond to radical skepticism the epistemic externalism/internalism distinction and how it relates to the skeptical problematic contextualism in epistemology and its anti-skeptical import the various interpretations of a Wittgensteinian hinge epistemology the viability of epistemological disjunctivism, including whether it can be combined with hinge epistemology as part of a dual response to radical skepticism liberal and conservative responses to the Humean skeptical paradox.Both authors are prominent figures who work on skepticism, and so one novelty of the book is that it provides an insight into their own contrasting responses to this philosophical difficulty.With the addition of annotated further reading and a glossary, this is an ideal starting point for anyone studying the philosophy of skepticism, along with students of epistemology, metaphysics, and contemporary analytic philosophy.
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Skepticism and Fallibilism
There are two common responses to skepticism, the epistemological claim that knowledge is at least non-existent and perhaps also unachievable, and both are to be avoided.So Jonathan Kvanvig argues here. The first response is to succumb to it, trying then to find some adequate basis for life that foregoes presumptions of knowledge.The second response is dismissive, viewing it as an overwrought, hyperbolic response to human limitations, so wrongheaded that nothing beyond a laconic response is needed before returning to important philosophical tasks.Avoiding these responses requires theory development on the part of skepticism and a way of characterizing sensitive fallibilism in contrast to complacent versions of it.These two tasks take up the majority of the chapters, several of which show how theory development on behalf of the skeptic needs to proceed.The hardest part of this project is to characterize the skeptical ideal for matters that we investigate through the use of defeasible reasoning, where the idea of finding an infallibilist standard looks impossible.In spite of this appearance, it is possible to characterize this ideal in terms of reasoning that puts one in full control over the possibility of error.The other task involves characterizing fallibilism in terms of this notion of full control over the possibilities of error, and then developing a version of this view that doesn't require such full control while at the same time acknowledging, predicting, and explaining how and why such full control appears whenever the language of knowledge is used.The result is an approximationist version of fallibilism that acknowledges that our knowledge is never ideal but is nonetheless close enough to the ideal to be present.
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Answering Moral Skepticism
Most thoughtful people worry at one time or another about whether there can actually be such a thing as objective moral truth.They might wonder, for example, whether the prevalence of moral disagreement makes it reasonable to conclude that there aren't really any moral facts at all. Or they might be bothered by questions like these: What could objective moral facts possibly be like?Isn't it obvious that morality is simply relative to particular societies and particular times?If there were moral facts, how could we ever come to know anything about them?Can morality really have the motivating and rational force we normally take it to have?How can one possibly find a place for objective moral values in a scientific worldview?Some people are driven by questions like these to the conclusion that we should embrace skepticism about morality, denying the very existence of anything worthy of the name.In Answering Moral Skepticism, Shelly Kagan shows how those who accept the existence of objective moral truth can provide plausible answers to these questions.Focusing throughout on issues that trouble reflective individuals, Kagan provides an accessible defense of the belief in objective morality will be of interest to both students of metaethics as well as anyone worried about the objectivity of their own moral judgements.
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Oakeshott’s Skepticism, Politics, and Aesthetics
This collection engages the work of Michael Oakeshott predominantly on the themes of his skepticism, politics, and aesthetics. An international set of authors engages and expands the analysis of Oakeshott’s writings in often neglected areas and topics and in ways that brings Oakeshott into conversation with a surprisingly diverse set of thinkers.
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What is skepticism?
Skepticism is an attitude of doubt or disbelief towards certain beliefs or claims. It involves questioning the validity or truth of something, often requiring evidence or logical reasoning to support a claim before accepting it as true. Skepticism can be a healthy approach to critically evaluating information and avoiding being misled by false or unsubstantiated claims. It encourages individuals to think critically and not accept information at face value.
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"Is my skepticism justified?"
It is natural to have skepticism, as it can help us critically evaluate information and make informed decisions. However, it is important to balance skepticism with an open mind and willingness to consider new perspectives. Reflect on the reasons for your skepticism and seek out reliable sources of information to validate your concerns. Ultimately, it is important to trust your instincts and make decisions that align with your values and beliefs.
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What is Bertrand Russell's skepticism?
Bertrand Russell's skepticism is a philosophical position that questions the possibility of attaining certain knowledge. He believed that our beliefs and knowledge should be based on evidence and reason rather than faith or intuition. Russell was skeptical of metaphysical claims and religious beliefs, advocating for a scientific and empirical approach to understanding the world. His skepticism led him to challenge traditional philosophical and religious doctrines, encouraging critical thinking and open-mindedness.
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Has philosophy or even science overcome skepticism?
Philosophy and science have made significant progress in addressing skepticism, but it is an ongoing process. Both disciplines have developed methods and theories to challenge and counter skepticism, such as the scientific method and philosophical arguments for the reliability of knowledge. However, skepticism continues to be a fundamental challenge in both fields, and there is ongoing debate and inquiry into how to best address and overcome it. While progress has been made, it is an ongoing and complex issue that continues to be a central concern in philosophy and science.
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Skepticism : Historical and Contemporary Inquiries
Skepticism is one of the most enduring and profound of philosophical problems.With its roots in Plato and the Sceptics to Descartes, Hume, Kant and Wittgenstein, skepticism presents a challenge that every philosopher must reckon with.In this outstanding collection philosophers engage with skepticism in five clear sections: the philosophical history of skepticism in Greek, Cartesian and Kantian thought; the nature and limits of certainty; the possibility of knowledge and related problems such as perception and the debates between objective knowledge and constructivism; the transcendental method as a response to skepticism and the challenge of naturalism; overcoming the skeptical challenge. Skepticism: Historical and Contemporary Inquiries is essential reading for students and scholars in epistemology and the history of philosophy and will also be of interest to those in related disciplines such as religion and sociology.
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Building Rural Community Resilience Through Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Drawing from empirical analyses, case studies, and a synthesis of best practices, this book explores how innovation manifests itself in rural places and how it contributes to entrepreneurial development and resilience.Innovation in rural places may come about as a result of new forms of collaboration; policies that leverage rural assets and address critical service or product gaps; novel strategies for accessing financial capital; infusion of arts into aspects of community life; and cultivation of networks that bridge entrepreneurs, organizations, and institutions.The chapters illustrate how a number of innovation-related characteristics relate to economic vibrancy in rural places such as a strong connection to the arts, adaptive and sustainable use of natural resources, value-chain integrated food systems, robust bridging social capital networks, creative leveraging of technology, and presence of innovation-focused entrepreneurs.Through exploration of these and other topics, this book will provide insights and best practices for rural community and economic development scholars and practitioners seeking to strengthen the rural innovation ecosystem.
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Muslim Becoming : Aspiration and Skepticism in Pakistan
In Muslim Becoming, Naveeda Khan challenges the claim that Pakistan's relation to Islam is fragmented and problematic.Offering a radically different interpretation, Khan contends that Pakistan inherited an aspirational, always-becoming Islam, one with an open future and a tendency toward experimentation.For the individual, this aspirational tendency manifests in a continual striving to be a better Muslim.It is grounded in the thought of Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), the poet, philosopher, and politician considered the spiritual founder of Pakistan.Khan finds that Iqbal provided the philosophical basis for recasting Islam as an open religion with possible futures as yet unrealized, which he did in part through his engagement with the French philosopher Henri Bergson.Drawing on ethnographic research in the neighborhoods and mosques of Lahore and on readings of theological polemics, legal history, and Urdu literature, Khan points to striving throughout Pakistani society: in prayers and theological debates and in the building of mosques, readings of the Qur'an, and the undertaking of religious pilgrimages.At the same time, she emphasizes the streak of skepticism toward the practices of others that accompanies aspiration.She asks us to consider what is involved in affirming aspiration while acknowledging its capacity for violence.
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In Praise of Skepticism : Trust but Verify
A culture of trust is usually claimed to have many public benefits--by lubricating markets, managing organizations, legitimating governments, and facilitating collective action.Any signs of its decline are, and should be, a matter of serious concern.Yet, In Praise of Skepticism recognizes that trust has two faces.Confidence in anti-vax theories has weakened herd immunity.Faith in Q-Anon conspiracy theories triggered insurrection.Disasters flow from gullible beliefs in fake Covid-19 cures, Madoff pyramid schemes, Russian claims of Ukrainian Nazis, and the Big Lie denying President Biden's legitimate election.Trustworthiness involves an informal social contract by which principals authorize agents to act on their behalf in the expectation that they will fulfill their responsibilities with competency, integrity, and impartiality, despite conditions of risk and uncertainty.Skeptical judgments reflect reasonably accurate and informed predictions about agents' future actions based on their past performance and guardrails deterring dishonesty, mendacity, and corruption.We should trust but verify. Unfortunately, assessments are commonly flawed. Both cynical beliefs (underestimating performance) and credulous faith (over-estimating performance) involve erroneous judgements reflecting cultural biases, poor cognitive skills, and information echo chambers.These conclusions draw on new evidence from the European Values Survey/World Values Survey conducted among over 650,000 respondents in more than 100 societies over four decades.In Praise of Skepticism warns that an excess of credulous trust poses serious and hitherto unrecognized risks in a world full of seductive demagogues playing on our insecurities, lying swindlers exploiting our greed, and silver-tongued conspiracy theorists manipulating our darkest fears.
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What is the difference between skepticism and rationalism?
Skepticism is the questioning of knowledge and beliefs, often doubting the certainty of truth claims and requiring evidence or justification for beliefs. Rationalism, on the other hand, is the belief that reason and logic are the primary sources of knowledge and justification for beliefs. While skepticism focuses on questioning and doubting beliefs, rationalism emphasizes the importance of reason and logical thinking in forming beliefs and understanding the world.
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What is the difference between skepticism and pessimism?
Skepticism is a questioning attitude towards knowledge, beliefs, or claims, where one doubts the validity or truth of something until sufficient evidence is provided. Pessimism, on the other hand, is a negative outlook or belief that things will turn out badly or that the worst will happen. While skepticism involves a critical evaluation of information, pessimism is more about expecting negative outcomes.
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Is the skepticism justified that my friend has a second phone?
It is natural to feel skeptical if your friend has a second phone, as it may raise questions about their intentions or activities. However, it is important to communicate openly with your friend to understand the reason behind having a second phone. It could be for legitimate reasons such as work, privacy, or personal organization. It is essential to approach the situation with an open mind and have a conversation with your friend to address any concerns you may have.
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What is the connection between empiricism, skepticism, and the problem of induction?
Empiricism is the philosophical belief that knowledge comes primarily from sensory experience. Skepticism, on the other hand, is the questioning of the possibility of knowledge and the reliability of our senses. The problem of induction arises in the context of empiricism and skepticism because it questions the validity of making generalizations based on past experiences. In other words, how can we be certain that future events will follow the same patterns as past events, especially when our sensory experiences may be limited or unreliable?
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