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Visible Costs and Invisible Benefits : Military Procurement as Innovation Policy
This book examines the historic role of professional and demanding military customers in industrial development.Particular emphasis is paid to public procurement of military equipment as a catalyst for innovation; and the civilian commercialization of military technologies (from gunpowder and cannons to submarines, missiles and aircraft) is documented by many case illustrations that show how macro-level productivity advance has been generated.A complementary volume to Advancing Public Procurement as Industrial Policy (2010), which focused on the spillover effects of the Swedish combat aircraft, Gripen, in this book Gunnar Eliasson widens the perspective to cover product development across the Swedish defense industry, with an emphasis on regional economic development and macro-economics, inter alia through the involvement of Saab (aircraft) and Kockums (submarines) in partnership ventures in Australia, Norway and Brazil. The volume is organized into four parts. Part one examines the historical transformation of the Swedish economy over the past three centuries from agriculture and raw materials to an advanced industrial economy.Part two presents detailed case studies to illustrate the spillover effects of procurement projects and military-industrial partnerships.Part three explains the spillover phenomenon theoretically within a dynamic micro- to macro-economic perspective.Particular emphasis is placed on the empirical credibility of model-based economy-wide and dynamic cost-benefit calculations.The book concludes with a section on fostering industrial development through public procurement.The result is a book that will appeal to economists in the industrial economics and management fields; to technical, marketing and purchasing executives in business; and to policy makers in public procurement concerned with innovation and long-run industrial development.
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Innovation in Music: Technology and Creativity
Innovation in Music: Technology and Creativity is a groundbreaking collection bringing together contributions from instructors, researchers, and professionals.Split into two sections, covering composition and performance, and technology and innovation, this volume offers truly international perspectives on ever-evolving practices. Including chapters on audience interaction, dynamic music methods, AI, and live electronic performances, this is recommended reading for professionals, students, and researchers looking for global insights into the fields of music production, music business, and music technology.
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Building Rural Community Resilience Through Innovation and Entrepreneurship
Drawing from empirical analyses, case studies, and a synthesis of best practices, this book explores how innovation manifests itself in rural places and how it contributes to entrepreneurial development and resilience.Innovation in rural places may come about as a result of new forms of collaboration; policies that leverage rural assets and address critical service or product gaps; novel strategies for accessing financial capital; infusion of arts into aspects of community life; and cultivation of networks that bridge entrepreneurs, organizations, and institutions.The chapters illustrate how a number of innovation-related characteristics relate to economic vibrancy in rural places such as a strong connection to the arts, adaptive and sustainable use of natural resources, value-chain integrated food systems, robust bridging social capital networks, creative leveraging of technology, and presence of innovation-focused entrepreneurs.Through exploration of these and other topics, this book will provide insights and best practices for rural community and economic development scholars and practitioners seeking to strengthen the rural innovation ecosystem.
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The Costs of Living
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How much are the costs for a community college?
The costs for attending a community college can vary depending on factors such as in-state or out-of-state residency, whether the student is full-time or part-time, and whether they qualify for financial aid. On average, tuition and fees for a community college can range from a few thousand dollars to around $10,000 per year. However, many community colleges offer lower tuition rates compared to four-year universities, and students may also be eligible for scholarships, grants, or other financial assistance to help cover the costs.
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How do you calculate the investment costs for technology?
To calculate the investment costs for technology, you need to consider the initial purchase price of the technology, any installation or setup costs, ongoing maintenance and support fees, and any potential training costs for employees. Additionally, you should factor in the potential return on investment (ROI) of the technology, including any cost savings or revenue generation it may enable. It's important to thoroughly research and analyze all potential costs and benefits before making a technology investment decision.
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Why are direct costs considered opportunity costs?
Direct costs are considered opportunity costs because when a company chooses to allocate resources to a particular project or investment, it is forgoing the opportunity to use those resources in an alternative way. By using resources for a specific purpose, the company is giving up the potential benefits that could have been gained from using those resources elsewhere. Therefore, direct costs represent the value of the next best alternative that the company is giving up in order to pursue a particular opportunity. In this way, direct costs are a reflection of the opportunity cost of using resources in a specific manner.
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Are labor costs fixed or variable costs?
Labor costs are typically considered variable costs because they fluctuate based on the level of production or services provided. As the amount of work increases, labor costs also increase. Conversely, if production decreases, labor costs will decrease as well. Fixed costs, on the other hand, remain constant regardless of the level of production.
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Evanston Salt Costs Climbing
Winters keep getting worse in Evanston IL where salt truck drivers Peter and Basil battle the ice and snow and pass the time with jokes and stories.But what's with this creeping sense of dread? Is it because their boss Maiworm has noble visions of new green technology that would make their jobs obsolete? Or is there a more terrifying warning calling out from under these roads?At least they have each other right?Pulitzer Prize finalist Will Arbery confronts humanity's darkest fears with humor warmth and the fortitude of municipal public servants in this play about climate and change. "Arbery is one of the theater's greatest listeners able to hear and reproduce the subtle and deeply specific ways individuals reveal themselves and their relationships to others with language." - The New York Times Magazine"In a great piece of art you'll have one moment where the truth will punch through.But in a profoundly generous piece of art like Evanston - a play that is theoretical painful deep and hysterically funny - those moments of truth keep punching through and through and through." - BOMB Magazine"A pitch-dark comedy...Arbery is the playwright of the moment... writing about issues that tend to lead to indulgent hopelessness. ...But what if looking right into the heart of catastrophe could actually get us to act?" - The New Yorker
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Kindness Costs Nothing mug.
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Hello everyone, I need to define the following terms: additional costs, different costs, variable costs, and fixed costs.
Additional costs refer to any extra expenses incurred beyond the initial or expected costs. Different costs are the various types of expenses that a business or individual may encounter, such as operating costs, production costs, or overhead costs. Variable costs are expenses that fluctuate with the level of production or sales, such as raw materials or labor. Fixed costs are expenses that remain constant regardless of the level of production or sales, such as rent, insurance, or salaries.
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Which costs are considered as ancillary wage costs?
Ancillary wage costs typically include expenses such as employer contributions to social security, health insurance, retirement plans, unemployment insurance, and other benefits provided to employees. These costs are in addition to an employee's base salary and are essential for calculating the total cost of employing a worker. Ancillary wage costs can vary depending on the country's labor laws and the specific benefits offered by the employer.
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Are all costs included in the production costs?
No, not all costs are included in production costs. Production costs typically include direct costs such as materials, labor, and overhead directly related to the manufacturing process. However, other costs such as marketing, distribution, and administrative expenses are not considered part of production costs but are factored into the overall cost of goods sold. These additional costs are important to consider when determining the total cost and profitability of a product.
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Are implicit costs the same as opportunity costs?
Implicit costs and opportunity costs are related concepts, but they are not exactly the same. Implicit costs refer to the non-monetary costs of using resources that a firm already owns, such as the opportunity cost of using its own capital or labor. On the other hand, opportunity costs are the value of the next best alternative that is foregone when a decision is made. While implicit costs are a type of opportunity cost, opportunity costs can also include explicit costs, such as the actual monetary expenses incurred. Therefore, while implicit costs are a component of opportunity costs, they are not synonymous.
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